Polymer Clay: A Green Analysis of Its Environmental Footprint

Polymer clay, a mix of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), pigments and a plasticiser derived from salt and oil, is at the forefront of crafting and modelling hobbies worldwide. Its versatility and ease of use have made it a favourite among hobbyists and professionals. 

As this unique material finds its place, from modelling clay for kids to intricate art pieces, questions surrounding its environmental footprint grow louder.

The health implications of working also warrant attention. Although the use of certain harmful phthalates has been banned in the EU and the USA, residual health risks remain for those frequently handling the material. 

Despite environmental concerns, the market is experiencing growth, particularly in emerging markets like Asia Pacific and Latin America. This growth is attributed to rising disposable incomes and the popularity of creative hobbies. 

We delve into the green analysis of polymer clay, examining if it is environmentally friendly, biodegradable, or detrimental to our planet. This article explores every corner of polymer clay's environmental footprint, from its production to its sustainability, and offers alternatives that pave the way for a greener future in crafting.

Polymer clay is a versatile crafting material primarily composed of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and a plasticiser, which makes it malleable and easy to shape before it is cured. It is synthetic, unlike traditional clay, containing natural minerals. 

This accessibility makes it a popular choice for artists and hobbyists to create various decorative and functional items such as jewellery, sculptures, and home decor.

The material is available in many colours and effects, including translucent, metallic, and stone-like finishes. Users can mix different colours or add materials like glitters and mica powders to achieve various aesthetics.

Originally formulated as a potential replacement for Bakelite, polymer clay was popularised in art when German doll maker Käthe Kruse began using it in 1939 under the name "FIMO."

Polymer clay's unique properties are derived from its two main components:

It cures at relatively low temperatures ranging from 265 °F to 275 °F (129 °C to 135 °C). The curing process typically takes about 15 minutes per 1/4 inch of thickness, making it suitable for home ovens. This accessibility in curing allows enthusiasts and professionals alike to create intricate designs without the need for industrial kilns.

Polymer clay primarily comprises polyvinyl chloride (PVC), significantly differentiating it from other clays like air-dry and ceramic variants. Air-dry clay, as the name suggests, hardens upon exposure to air and generally has a lighter, spongier texture. Ceramic clay, on the other hand, requires kiln firing at high temperatures to cure.

Here’s a brief comparison of polymer clay with other popular types of clay:

PVC is a synthetic polymer derived from non-renewable resources such as petroleum or natural gas, making the production of polymer clay heavily dependent on fossil fuels. This reliance contributes to significant carbon emissions during both the manufacturing and disposal stages of the product's life cycle​. 

Image Credit: Science Direct

Notably, PVC is not biodegradable and can leach harmful chemicals, complicating waste management and recycling efforts. Approximately 40 million tonnes of PVC are produced annually, with polymer clay making up a tiny fraction.  Despite its minor share, the environmental implications of its use and disposal are significant. 

The impact extends from its production to its disposal:

Globally, the market was valued at £22.6 million in 2021 and is projected to reach £29.5 million by 2030. This growth indicates an increasing use, exacerbating its environmental impact.

Countless projects are created, used, and eventually discarded daily, adding to the ever-increasing plastic pollution problem. Crafting and disposal contribute to the accumulation of PVC in the environment, with long-term degradation releasing toxic substances.

Each use, from crafting to disposal, adds to the environmental burden. The production of a single polymer clay item involves the emission of greenhouse gases and potentially exposes users to harmful chemicals.

The following table summarises critical points regarding the environmental impact:

This popular crafting material has the highest production volumes from various countries, each contributing significantly to the global supply. These countries host major companies like Staedtler Mars, Polyform Products, Van Aken International, Polyform Products and American Art Clay, driving innovation and distribution in the industry.

The following table provides a detailed look at the distribution of polymer clay shipments across key producing countries:

Here, we explore the leading nations in production, characterised by the number of shipments they dispatch annually, highlighting their pivotal role in the market. 

At the forefront, China dominates the polymer clay market with a substantial 830 shipments annually. This high volume underscores China's significant manufacturing capabilities and central role in supplying global markets.

Following China, Indonesia ranks the second-largest producer, contributing 443 shipments yearly. Indonesia's robust production figures reflect its growing influence in the industry.

The United States holds the third position with 397 polymer clay shipments annually. This shows the US's strong production capacity and large domestic product market.

India stands fourth, with 337 shipments, indicating a solid manufacturing base and a rising presence in the sector.

Thailand rounds out the top five, dispatching 64 shipments each year. While smaller in volume than the leaders, Thailand's contribution is crucial to the regional supply chain.

Several other countries also play key roles in the production of polymer clay. Belgium, Germany, South Korea, Japan, and the United Kingdom have production figures ranging from 15 to 53 shipments annually. While not matching the output of the top producers, these countries are significant players in the European and Asian markets.

It has gained popularity worldwide due to its ease of use and flexibility in creating various decorative and functional items. However, its environmental impact, production, and usage statistics reveal a complex picture that varies significantly across different regions.

Let's delve into the fascinating world of polymer clay by the numbers.

Brands of polymer clay include Cernit, Oytra, Fimo, Kato Polyclay, Sculpey, PVClay Brasil, Crafty Argentina, and Cosclay.

The most significant concern involves the fumes released during baking. When it is overheated, it can produce fumes containing hydrochloric acid and other toxic substances. These fumes can irritate the eyes, throat, and lungs, and prolonged exposure can lead to more severe health issues.

There is also a risk of inhaling microscopic particles if the clay is sanded or drilled without proper protection.

However, the good news is that significant brands try to follow the safe recommended guidelines. These clays have been tested and certified to be non-toxic.

However, there are some key things to keep in mind:

Unlike natural clay, polymer clay does not biodegrade. Once baked, it can last for years without breaking down, contributing to plastic pollution.

The main issue with non-biodegradable polymer clay is the potential for leaching chemical additives like phthalate plasticisers, which are linked to health concerns like reproductive issues and developmental disorders. While certain phthalates have been banned in polymer clays sold in the US and EU, there are still residual worries about the safety of working with these materials.

Furthermore, it cannot be recycled through conventional municipal recycling programs. This lack of biodegradability and recyclability means that the products if discarded, contribute to the volume of permanent waste in landfills.

Despite the challenges, there are steps to mitigate the environmental impact. The practices within the community, such as recycling and repurposing, contribute positively towards sustainability goals. 

However, its sustainability is a concern due to its PVC content, reliance on fossil fuels, and the challenges associated with disposal.

To understand the environmental impact, comparing it with everyday items commonly used and disposed of in similar quantities is essential. This comparison provides a clearer picture of where polymer clay stands regarding sustainability. 

We must first examine common items' CO2 levels to understand polymer clay's impact. 

This table reveals that while not negligible, its environmental impact pales compared to items like smartphones and beef. For instance, while polymer clay emits 1.9 kg of CO2 per kg, everyday items like plastic bottles generate significantly higher emissions—up to 6.0 kg of CO2 per kg. 

It's crucial to note that these figures offer a global perspective, highlighting our broader environmental challenges.

Exploring eco-friendly alternatives is essential for those looking to reduce their environmental footprint while engaging in creative endeavours. Here, we present various substitutes catering to different needs and preferences, ensuring everyone can find a suitable option.

While polymer clay offers unmatched versatility and durability, it is not eco-friendly or biodegradable. The alternatives mentioned above are more sustainable and have a lower environmental impact.

For instance, air-dry and paper clays offer similar workability without baking, reducing energy consumption and eliminating the release of potentially harmful fumes. Homemade and natural clays support sustainability by utilising non-toxic, biodegradable materials.

Moreover, using recycled paper beads highlights the creative reuse of materials that might otherwise contribute to waste. Each alternative has unique properties and uses, making them comparable to polymer clay and, in many cases, a better choice for the planet and personal health.

FAQs: Polymer Clay